State profile · Below median Poor share

Virginia bridge safety

According to the Federal Highway Administration's 2024 National Bridge Inventory, condition ratings, load ratings, and Poor-condition shares for every public highway bridge in Virginia.

14,120
Public bridges
33.0%
Good condition
3.4%
Poor condition

Virginia holds 14,120 public highway bridges (#20 of 52 by inventory) with a 3.39% Poor share (#42 of 52 by Poor share).

That is 3.4% of the state's inventory, against an average of 7.5% across the 54 states and territories with Poor-rated bridges on file, which places it 11 of 54 ordered from the lowest Poor share upward. A bridge is rated Poor when its weakest applicable component scores 4 or below on the inspecting agency's 0-9 scale, so the category is a maintenance and funding signal rather than a closure order or a live crossing-safety verdict.

Inventory: FHWA NBI 2024 · last ETL August 2026

Total Bridges

14,120

Public highway bridges in Virginia

Good Condition

33.0%

4,660 bridges rated 7-9

-17.0pp vs 50% benchmark

Poor Condition

3.4%

478 bridges whose lowest applicable component is rated 0-4

-4.1pp vs national avg 7.5%

Virginia vs national bridge condition

Virginia - Good condition share 33.0%
National avg

Share of bridges rated 7-9 on the FHWA 0-9 scale (deck, superstructure, substructure all good).

Virginia - Poor-condition share 11.3%
National avg

Lower is better. Bar maxes at 30% (worst-state ceiling). National average sits at 7.5%.

Virginia in the national condition pattern

Each point is a state or territory in the FHWA NBI; the highlighted point is this profile.

Inventory size and Poor-condition share are different measures: Virginia has 14,120 bridges and a 3.4% Poor-condition share in the 2024 NBI, rank #11 of 54 jurisdictions ordered from the lowest share upward. The dashed comparisons mark the national average state rate and the midpoint of the plotted inventory range; neither is a live safety or closure threshold. Scatter plot of 54 data points. 0%10%20%30%40% 0k20k40k60k Public bridges in inventory (thousands) Poor-condition share (%) VA, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 14.1k · Poor-condition share (%): 3.39%AL, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 16.2k · Poor-condition share (%): 3.35%AK, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 1.7k · Poor-condition share (%): 7.89%AZ, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 8.6k · Poor-condition share (%): 1.15%AR, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 13k · Poor-condition share (%): 5.43%CA, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 25.8k · Poor-condition share (%): 5.91%CO, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 9k · Poor-condition share (%): 4.82%CT, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 4.4k · Poor-condition share (%): 4.72%DE, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 0.9k · Poor-condition share (%): 1.26%DC, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 0.3k · Poor-condition share (%): 1.95%FL, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 13k · Poor-condition share (%): 2.79%GA, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 15.1k · Poor-condition share (%): 1.59%GU, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 0k · Poor-condition share (%): 12.77%HI, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 1.2k · Poor-condition share (%): 6.53%ID, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 4.6k · Poor-condition share (%): 4.9%IL, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 26.9k · Poor-condition share (%): 9.35%IN, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 19.5k · Poor-condition share (%): 5.22%IA, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 23.7k · Poor-condition share (%): 19.16%KS, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 24.9k · Poor-condition share (%): 5.26%KY, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 14.5k · Poor-condition share (%): 7.37%LA, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 12.7k · Poor-condition share (%): 11.48%ME, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 2.5k · Poor-condition share (%): 15.41%MD, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 5.5k · Poor-condition share (%): 4.56%MA, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 5.3k · Poor-condition share (%): 8.88%MI, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 11.4k · Poor-condition share (%): 11.27%MN, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 13.5k · Poor-condition share (%): 4.44%MS, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 16.7k · Poor-condition share (%): 6.03%MO, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 24.6k · Poor-condition share (%): 8.95%MT, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 5.2k · Poor-condition share (%): 6.81%NE, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 15.4k · Poor-condition share (%): 7.9%NV, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 2.1k · Poor-condition share (%): 1.14%NH, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 2.5k · Poor-condition share (%): 7.51%NJ, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 6.8k · Poor-condition share (%): 6.01%NM, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 4k · Poor-condition share (%): 4.51%NY, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 17.6k · Poor-condition share (%): 9.43%NC, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 19.2k · Poor-condition share (%): 6.76%ND, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 4.3k · Poor-condition share (%): 10.98%OH, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 26.7k · Poor-condition share (%): 4.74%OK, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 22.9k · Poor-condition share (%): 7.7%OR, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 8.3k · Poor-condition share (%): 4.61%PA, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 23.3k · Poor-condition share (%): 12.58%PR, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 2.4k · Poor-condition share (%): 13.92%RI, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 0.8k · Poor-condition share (%): 15.2%SC, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 9.5k · Poor-condition share (%): 6.17%SD, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 5.9k · Poor-condition share (%): 16.36%TN, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 20.4k · Poor-condition share (%): 4.41%TX, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 56.7k · Poor-condition share (%): 1.23%UT, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 3.1k · Poor-condition share (%): 2.91%VT, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 2.9k · Poor-condition share (%): 2.9%VI, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 0k · Poor-condition share (%): 29.17%WA, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 8.5k · Poor-condition share (%): 5.45%WV, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 7.3k · Poor-condition share (%): 18.64%WI, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 14.4k · Poor-condition share (%): 6.52%WY, Public bridges in inventory (thousands): 3.1k · Poor-condition share (%): 6.51%
Inventory size and Poor-condition share are different measures: Virginia has 14,120 bridges and a 3.4% Poor-condition share in the 2024 NBI, rank #11 of 54 jurisdictions ordered from the lowest share upward. The dashed comparisons mark the national average state rate and the midpoint of the plotted inventory range; neither is a live safety or closure threshold.

Virginia vs all states by public bridge inventory

Where this state's FHWA NBI public-highway bridge count sits among every state and territory on PlainBridges

14,120 20th of 54 higher than 34 of 54 states

States and territories, banded by public bridge inventory size

Each bar is a band; taller bars hold more states. The dashed line + filled bar mark this entry. Hover or tap any bar for its full count and share, and where it sits relative to this entry.

Source FHWA National Bridge Inventory · 2024

Read the rank neighborhood for Virginia

The highlighted point is Virginia: 14,120 bridges and 3.39% in Poor condition, rank #11 of 54 jurisdictions ordered from the lowest share upward. The five jurisdictions immediately above and below Virginia on that same Poor-share ordering:

  • Utah: 3,125 bridges · 2.91% Poor
  • Alabama: 16,205 bridges · 3.35% Poor
  • Virginia: 14,120 bridges · 3.39% Poor
  • Tennessee: 20,379 bridges · 4.41% Poor
  • Minnesota: 13,532 bridges · 4.44% Poor

The full national sortable table lives on the rankings page.

Material families in Virginia

Exclusive FHWA material families across all 14,120 bridges in this state; continuous variants fold into the parent family. Orthogonal to the Poor-share scatter above.

Who maintains Virginia’s inventory

State agency holds 86.3% of the 14,120 public highway bridges filed under Virginia in the 2024 NBI, the agency-of-record split for this state, not a condition verdict.

When Virginia’s bridges were built

Pre-1950 construction accounts for 17.0% of the 14,120 bridges with a recorded original year in Virginia. Era bands are orthogonal to the Poor-share ranking above.

Condition Distribution

Virginia33%63.6%GoodFairPoor
Bridge inventory deck-condition mix - Virginia (FHWA NBI)

Counties (131)

Accomack 31 Albemarle 262 Alexandria city 29 Alleghany 197 Amelia 58 Amherst 157 Appomattox 68 Arlington 183 Augusta 357 Bath 73 Bedford 204 Bland 122 Botetourt 202 Bristol city 34 Brunswick 152 Buchanan 283 Buckingham 72 Buena Vista city 18 Campbell 153 Caroline 107 Carroll 161 Charles City 22 Charlotte 97 Charlottesville city 24 Chesapeake city 187 Chesterfield 322 Clarke 38 Colonial Heights city 9 Covington city 8 Craig 60 Culpeper 99 Cumberland 39 Danville city 50 Dickenson 76 Dinwiddie 151 Emporia city 7 Essex 37 Fairfax 751 Fairfax city 7 Falls Church city 5 Fauquier 229 Floyd 115 Fluvanna 55 Franklin 174 Frederick 168 Fredericksburg city 18 Galax city 5 Giles 96 Gloucester 21 Goochland 87 Grayson 145 Greene 49 Greensville 92 Halifax 161 Hampton city 50 Hanover 161 Harrisonburg city 34 Henrico 352 Henry 135 Highland 53 Hopewell city 5 Isle of Wight 80 James City 60 King George 30 King William 32 King and Queen 32 Lancaster 9 Lee 153 Lexington city 8 Loudoun 442 Louisa 93 Lunenburg 88 Lynchburg city 80 Madison 80 Manassas Park city 3 Manassas city 13 Martinsville city 10 Mathews 5 Mecklenburg 160 Middlesex 10 Montgomery 196 Nelson 136 New Kent 60 Newport News city 60 Norfolk city 199 Northampton 12 Northumberland 16 Norton city 13 Nottoway 67 Orange 71 Page 96 Patrick 145 Petersburg city 41 Pittsylvania 267 Portsmouth city 50 Powhatan 34 Prince Edward 82 Prince George 132 Prince William 303 Pulaski 105 Radford city 2 Rappahannock 87 Richmond 23 Richmond city 125 Roanoke 204 Roanoke city 88 Rockbridge 255 Rockingham 288 Russell 136 Salem city 17 Scott 138 Shenandoah 213 Smyth 190 Southampton 145 Spotsylvania 102 Stafford 112 Staunton city 18 Suffolk city 132 Surry 31 Sussex 105 Tazewell 204 Virginia Beach city 119 Warren 81 Washington 186 Waynesboro city 19 Westmoreland 22 Williamsburg city 12 Winchester city 8 Wise 165 Wythe 181 York 122

Virginia vs nearby ranks

Adjacent states by Poor-condition share (lower share = better)

States are ranked by the share of bridges whose lowest applicable component rating is 4 or below. This describes recorded condition; it does not measure funding effectiveness or live crossing safety. States here sit immediately above and below Virginia on the same metric.

UT

Utah

2.91% top marginal rate
Structure
Progressive
Burden @ $100K
$3,125

AL

Alabama

3.35% top marginal rate
Structure
Progressive
Burden @ $100K
$16,205
Selected

VA

Virginia

3.39% top marginal rate
Structure
Progressive
Burden @ $100K
$14,120

TN

Tennessee

4.41% top marginal rate
Structure
Progressive
Burden @ $100K
$20,379

MN

Minnesota

4.44% top marginal rate
Structure
Progressive
Burden @ $100K
$13,532

Bridges Needing Most Attention in Virginia

Six lowest-condition bridges in Virginia, ranked by the portal's composite display score. Inspection intervals are risk-based under current NBIS rules.

CRAIG SHOP RD.

Poor

Over: MIDDLE RIVER

0.84 RT 900 - 0.54 RT 608, Augusta, VA

Built 1908 Load: 0.0 t ADT: 77

KNIGHTLY MILL RD

Poor

Over: MIDDLE RIVER

0.26 RT 777 - 2.05 RT 608, Augusta, VA

Built 1915 Load: 0.0 t ADT: 309

TILT HAMMER CR.

Poor

Over: CHRISTIANS CREEK

0.18 RT 612 - 0.16 RT 617, Augusta, VA

Built 1900 Load: 0.0 t ADT: 63

Big Branch Road

Poor

Over: DISMAL CREEK

4.25 fr 629; 0.05 to 638, Buchanan, VA

Built 1973 Load: 0.0 t ADT: 211

Jeb Stuart Highway

Poor

Over: Staunton River

0.00-CharCL/ 0.00-HalfxCL, Charlotte, VA

Built 1930 Load: 0.0 t ADT: 464

RAILROAD DRIVE

Poor

Over: NS RAILWAY

.97 FR R659 & .02 TO R11, Smyth, VA

Built 1932 Load: 0.0 t ADT: 949

All Bridges in Virginia

Deer Path Trail

Fair

Over: Ennis Pond

1.05 Miles from Route 603, Isle of Wight, VA

Built 1956 Load: 76.2 t ADT: 269

SBL ROUTE 0081

Fair

Over: RTE 311

2.94-RT112; 1.24-RTE 419, Roanoke, VA

Built 1986 Load: 76.2 t ADT: 34,754

MELROSE RD

Fair

Over: DRY FORK

0.07 RT 11 - 2.70 RT 725, Rockingham, VA

Built 1976 Load: 76.2 t ADT: 691

METHODIST CAMP LN

Fair

Over: STONY CREEK

.11 FR 619 -.19 TO E MAIN, Scott, VA

Built 1977 Load: 76.2 t ADT: 75

IS 564

Fair

Over: Boush Creek

2.30 fr US460/.12 to 337, Norfolk city, VA

Built 1977 Load: 76.2 t ADT: 32,717

IS 64 & HOV

Fair

Over: Drainage Canal

GREENBRIER PARKWAY INTER., Chesapeake city, VA

Built 1967 Load: 76.2 t ADT: 43,806

Peaks Mtn. Rd.

Fair

Over: HANKS BRANCH

1.0 TO R799;1.6 TO PARKWY, Grayson, VA

Built 1993 Load: 76.2 t ADT: 43

LEE HIGHWAY

Fair

Over: M FORK HOLSTON RIVER

0.92 FR 16; 2.50 TO 622, Smyth, VA

Built 1993 Load: 76.2 t ADT: 9,066

DEAN HOLLOW RD

Fair

Over: BIG MOCCASIN CREEK

0.35 FR 613 & 3.95 TO 71, Scott, VA

Built 1998 Load: 76.2 t ADT: 86

CANEY VALLEY RD.

Fair

Over: KRIMMEL CREEK

1.80 TO 614 & 0.0 TO 625, Washington, VA

Built 2001 Load: 76.2 t ADT: 67

NBL ROUTE 168

Fair

Over: POPLAR BRANCH

0.99 168BUS /0.65 TO 165, Chesapeake city, VA

Built 1993 Load: 76.6 t ADT: 24,118

SBL ROUTE 168

Fair

Over: POPLAR BRANCH

0.99 168BUS /0.65 TO 165, Chesapeake city, VA

Built 1993 Load: 76.6 t ADT: 24,118

NBL TIDEWATER TRL

Fair

Over: OCCUPACIA CREEK

8.8M CAR CO-11.6 NCL TAPP, Essex, VA

Built 1972 Load: 76.7 t ADT: 2,554

IS 64 WBL

Fair

Over: Six Mount Zion Road

1.37 Mi Fr Rte 30, James City, VA

Built 1975 Load: 76.7 t ADT: 29,497

NBL RTE 0295 COLL

Fair

Over: RTE I-64 & CD RDS

0.84 FR 33 & 2.12 TO 156, Henrico, VA

Built 1979 Load: 76.8 t ADT: 4,636

JEFFERSON DAVIS HW

Fair

Over: CSX TRANSPORATION RAILRD

0.11 FR 656 & 1.77 TO 641, Chesterfield, VA

Built 2015 Load: 77.0 t ADT: 19,358

PLANK ROAD

Fair

Over: SOUTH BRANCH

0.45 FR 29 / 0.51 TO 712, Albemarle, VA

Built 1932 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 1,039

MABLE VALLEY RD

Fair

Over: HAMILTON DRAFT

0.03 RT 629 0.80 RT 691, Augusta, VA

Built 1989 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 209

DRY FORK CREEK

Fair

Over: DRY FORK CREEK

1.10 FR 52-5.10 TO END MA, Bland, VA

Built 1969 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 797

LESTERS FORK RD.

Fair

Over: LESTERS FORK

1.7 TO R651N-2.8TO R651S, Buchanan, VA

Built 1987 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 1,061

NB-CAPITAL BELTWAY

Fair

Over: SCOTTS RUN

01.09FR123/01.50TO193, Fairfax, VA

Built 1963 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 79,724

Kings Mtn Rd/174

Fair

Over: Little Beaver Creek

0.38NCL Mart; 1.34-Rte108, Henry, VA

Built 1990 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 13,031

KEMMER ROAD

Fair

Over: GIN CREEK

0.40 FR. 636; 0.84 TO END, Lee, VA

Built 1980 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 113

LINDENDALE ROAD

Fair

Over: TRIBUTARY OF NEABSCO CK.

00.10 2086 / 00.05 2256, Prince William, VA

Built 1983 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 4,655

Lee Highway /11SBL

Fair

Over: Thornspring Branch

.98-Rte643W ; .78-Rte645, Pulaski, VA

Built 1922 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 5,888

MABE STANLYTOWN RD

Fair

Over: COVE CREEK

.10 to 722S; 0.0 to 722N, Scott, VA

Built 1981 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 238

STONEGA RD.

Fair

Over: CALLAHAN CREEK

.0MTOENDMAINT& 1.68MTO 78, Wise, VA

Built 1982 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 385

DORCHESTER ROAD

Fair

Over: POWELL RIVER

2.13M TO 621& .37M TO 623, Wise, VA

Built 1980 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 363

HONEY BRANCH RD.

Fair

Over: HONEY BRANCH

.3MTORUSSCO&5.0MTODICSNCO, Wise, VA

Built 1985 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 366

IS 464 NBL

Fair

Over: NS RR & Br Milldam Creek

0.28 mi from Rte 13, Chesapeake city, VA

Built 1984 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 24,637

IS 464 SBL

Fair

Over: NS RR & Br Milldam Creek

0.28mi fr Rte13/0.25to460, Chesapeake city, VA

Built 1984 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 27,666

SPERRYVILLE PIKE

Fair

Over: MOUNTAIN RUN

0130CULPE CO 002215 & 29, Culpeper, VA

Built 1992 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 10,489

Lee Highway

Fair

Over: NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY

1.10 FR 16-2.32 TO 622, Smyth, VA

Built 1993 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 9,066

CLAIBORNE PKWY

Fair

Over: TRIB. OF BEAVERDAM RUN

00.60FR642/00.20TO900, Loudoun, VA

Built 1992 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 17,677

TATE SPRINGS RD.

Fair

Over: S FORK POWELL RIVER

1.0M TO 609 & .0M TO 616, Wise, VA

Built 1995 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 362

RALEIGH GRAYSON TP

Fair

Over: BIG WALKER CREEK

.25-RT 658 & .75-END MAIN, Bland, VA

Built 1996 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 31

BROWN TOWN RD.

Fair

Over: SHORTS CREEK

0.0MTO 52&1.30MTO END MAT, Wythe, VA

Built 1999 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 137

HAWKINS MILL ROAD

Fair

Over: IVY CREEK

1.55-RTE 659;0.70-RTE 621, Bedford, VA

Built 2006 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 3,887

SOUTHERN HILLS DR

Fair

Over: SOUTH BRANCH

.17 -RT.712 / .15 -RT1069, Albemarle, VA

Built 1996 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 276

CLINCH MTN RD

Fair

Over: MOCCASIN CREEK

.75M TO 677 & 1.85M TO613, Russell, VA

Built 2001 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 190

WARRENTON ROAD

Fair

Over: VIRGINIA PKWY

0.1M RT 700-0.15M RT 654, Stafford, VA

Built 2006 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 69,442

BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY

Fair

Over: RUTROUGH RD (VA RTE 658)

0.8 MILES TO VA ROUTE 617, Roanoke, VA

Built 1964 Load: 77.1 t ADT: 4,188

IS 464 SBL

Fair

Over: IS 264 & 464 Ramps A & B

BERKLEY INTERCHANGE, Norfolk city, VA

Built 1988 Load: 77.2 t ADT: 23,861

WBL POCAHONTAS TR

Fair

Over: DIASCUND CREEK

NEW KENT & JAMES CTY CL, New Kent, VA

Built 1978 Load: 77.3 t ADT: 3,400

I-66 EBL

Fair

Over: 4 MILE RUN & BIKE TRAIL

0.90FaDr/0.90NSycamore, Arlington, VA

Built 1982 Load: 77.6 t ADT: 46,338

Potters Road

Fair

Over: London Bridge Creek

0.05LYNN RD /0.06S GR NK, Virginia Beach city, VA

Built 1977 Load: 77.7 t ADT: 5,413

HULL STREET

Fair

Over: CSX RAILWAY

0.25 TO GRAYSTONE AVENUE, Richmond city, VA

Built 1980 Load: 77.9 t ADT: 23,353

LOUISA ROAD

Fair

Over: TURKEYSAG CREEK

2.77 FR 231/0.94TO LOU CL, Albemarle, VA

Built 1923 Load: 78.0 t ADT: 1,940

DRY FORK RD

Fair

Over: BIG PATER CREEK

.05M TO 83 & 7.4M TO 624, Buchanan, VA

Built 1981 Load: 78.0 t ADT: 1,017

INTERSTATE-85 SBL

Fair

Over: STERLING ROAD (RTE. 603)

0.7 FR RT. 1 & 1.1 TO 460, Dinwiddie, VA

Built 1968 Load: 78.0 t ADT: 20,880

Showing 8,151-8,200 of 14,120 bridges

Related

All states → | National rankings → | Understanding conditions → | Retired SD term explained →
Data sourced from the FHWA National Bridge Inventory (NBI), latest released cycle. See our methodology for details. Retrieved and formatted by PlainBridges.

Disclaimer: This information is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute professional advice. Data is sourced from the FHWA National Bridge Inventory (NBI). Poor condition is an inspection-record category, not a closure or unsafe-to-cross designation. Consult the bridge owner for current status.

Understanding Bridge Conditions

How FHWA rates bridge condition on a 0-9 scale.

Check Your Daily Bridges

How to look up bridge condition data for bridges on your route.

Read our methodology — how this data is sourced, computed, and verified.

What to do with this

Use Virginia's inventory picture to drill to a county or a specific span.

  • Browse counties in Virginia and open the highest-Poor shares first. County list
  • See where this state sits among peers on Poor-condition share. State rankings
  • Compare this state with another jurisdiction on the same measures. State compare

NBI condition ratings are inventory snapshots, not live crossing-safety verdicts.

Every figure on PlainBridges is rendered directly from federal source data, no number is typed in by an editor. Virginia Good/Fair/Poor shares and county rollups on this page are computed from the same NBI extract as the national boards; no figure is typed in by an editor. See our editorial standards & corrections policy, the methodology behind these numbers, or report a data error. Data current as of 2024 NBI release. NBI condition categories reflect the latest reported inventory record, not a live safety, closure, or travel decision.